Right-click here for hands. Another nice 7 table game.
Board 6: a competitive deal. east passes and South opens 1S. West's hand looks "ideal" for a double, but starting with a double will often miss a 5-3 heart fit, and you would like partner to lead hearts against a spade contract. The good spots make 2H a sound bid even vulnerable. North competes with 2S or possibly 3S for Law of Total Tricks devotees. The nine-card fit and source of tricks in diamonds does favor agressive bidding. East has a max for a simple raise to 3H; over 3S, he must choose among pass, double, 3NT, or 4H. Double should be "responsive" when the opponents bid and raise a suit, suggesting both minors; there seems little advantage in that call. 3NT with the double spade stop is attractive, but is apt to be an overbid. Will 4H drive the enemy into 4S? That's always a risk when bidding over 3 of a major, but East had fair defensive values and should not pass from fear. Over 4H South and West have nothing to say; North will like as not bid 4S as a sacrifice (maybe he should've bid that earlier?) East has an easy double, South passes, and West must choose to defend or continue with 5H. His values are useful for either offense or defense; passing seems reasonable even at this vulnerability, especially since N/S did not drive to 4S voluntarily. Bidding 5H works on this occasion as long as West finesses South, the opening bidder, for the club Queen.
Against 4S doubled, West has no obvious lead; that might sway him toward bidding 5H! But Ace of hearts and a heart should yield 5 or 6 tricks for +300 or +500.
Board 15: After South's pass, West opens 1S or 1NT according to taste or style. The modern tendency os to open notrump despite the fact that a, more often than not, a spade fit exists. Some will prefer 1S with only a doubleton heart, to avoid playing a 5-2 heart fit when a 5-3 spade fit may be available. The disadvantage of opening 1S is that if partner raises, West is too strong to pass; you will often play 3S, down 1 rather than 1NT, making. Another modern tendency, constructive raises, actually favors the 1S opening since you won't land in 3S opposite a bare 6 or 7 support points.
Over 1S, North does not have a sound bid, vulnerable at the two level, though many a matchpoint bidder will trot out 2H anyway. East passes or jumps to 3D preemptively, a fairly revolting bid if you ask me. South balances with 2C if 1S was passed around, or raises 2H to 3H. West should not take another bid with no encouragment from partner; North passes 3H or raises 2C to 3C, either of which should end the auction. With the QJ of hearts dropping, N/S make 10 or 11 tricks in either suit.
If West opens 1NT, I think North should pass; he's vulnerable and has good defense against 1NT, including the obvious heart lead. East should use whatever device the partnership has for playing 3 of a minor, either a transfer or the SAYC 2S "please bid 3C" gadget. West must understand that his bid is limited and allow partner to place the contract in 3D, not get excited and bid a disastrous 3NT. 3D is likely to make; I think the defense has to engineer a spade ruff to defeat it. (East's hand can't be reached for the trump finesse if the defense delays leading clubs.)
Friday, October 22, 2010
Sunday, October 10, 2010
Sunday 10/10/2010
Right-click here for hands. Seven tables, including five 99er pairs.
Board 1: Most pairs reached 3NT, after perhaps 1NT-2C-2D-2NT. East could pass, but with 16 hcp and more than his share of Aces, Tens and Nines it will usually pay to bid on. Not today: South leads a heart and N/S collect four hearts and a club. West might reasonably have passed 1NT, downgrading his hand with no Ace or Ten.
Board 5: Lots of choices in the bidding. North's hand is a classic Goren or "Rule of 20" light opener, but those taught to count hcp + long suits may pass. Over 1C, East can bid almost any number of hearts or show both red suits with a "two-lower-unbid-suits" Unusual 2NT overcall. As the hearts are far better I'd lean toward a 3H jump at this vulnerability. Over a pass, 3 or 4 hearts is also plausible but my usual style with 6-5 is to open a weak two if the primary suit is good. South has good shape but limited points; he'll bid 1S after 1C-(1H), of course, and should risk 2S after 1C-(2H), but may not be able to act at any higher level. West will raise almost any heart bid to game, based on the good fit. If South managed a spade bid, North should raise. I would expect a large field to be divided among 4H and 4S contracts, with perhaps some E/W pairs competing to 5H.
Against hearts, South leads his singleton diamond. East may as well finesse as he will lose two diamonds either way if North has KQx -- except that North can arrange to give South two ruffs by returning the King as a suit preference signal for spades. N/S should collect two or three diamonds and two Aces for down one or two, but a defensive slip may allow East to pitch his losing spade on the King of clubs.
Against spades, West presumably leads a heart. East can return another heart (it won't hurt to give dummy a ruff you can't prevent) or try his stiff club. South will likelu lose a trick in each suit, as the normal way to play the spades would be low to the Ace, low back to the Queen. However, if East revealed his two-suiter during the bidding, South may place the King with West and try leading the Queen, which pins the Jack and picks up the suit.
Board 6: South opens 1S, North replies 2H. If this isn't game-forcing, South's 3D rebid is -- a new suit at the three level, with little room left below 3NT, has always been game-forcing in standard bidding, though many players are unaware. North can rebid 3H if he trusts South not to pass; otherwise, he'd better jump to 4H. Over 3H South bids 3S and North raises to game.
South has few losers and a partner who has shown 10 or 12+ points depending on style; but how useful will heart honors be? He can assume no club loser and needs the Ace of spades or the Jack of spades plus the Ace of diamonds to have a good shot at slam. Not a terrible hand, despite the void, for simple Blackwood; you can bid slam if North shows two Aces. True, slam makes opposite Jx KQxxxx Ax Qxx, but no sequence will necessarily inspire North to bid slam with that holding. A reasonable alternative would be to cue-bid 5C, allowing North to cue-bid the diamond Ace. No guarantees but I think N/S should land in 6H or 6S. On a diamond lead South should either win in hand to preserve his entry to dummy, or just win in dummy and pitch his losing club on a heart immediately.
Board 7 South has another light, shapely opening bid. With all his points in his long suits and two quick tricks, this 6-5 10 count is a sound 1S opener.4H was the popular contract, and game makes in hearts, spades or clubs. 6C is also plausible and will likely make unless East starts with a trump, wins the second heart and switches to a spade, destroying dummy's entry.
Board 1: Most pairs reached 3NT, after perhaps 1NT-2C-2D-2NT. East could pass, but with 16 hcp and more than his share of Aces, Tens and Nines it will usually pay to bid on. Not today: South leads a heart and N/S collect four hearts and a club. West might reasonably have passed 1NT, downgrading his hand with no Ace or Ten.
Board 5: Lots of choices in the bidding. North's hand is a classic Goren or "Rule of 20" light opener, but those taught to count hcp + long suits may pass. Over 1C, East can bid almost any number of hearts or show both red suits with a "two-lower-unbid-suits" Unusual 2NT overcall. As the hearts are far better I'd lean toward a 3H jump at this vulnerability. Over a pass, 3 or 4 hearts is also plausible but my usual style with 6-5 is to open a weak two if the primary suit is good. South has good shape but limited points; he'll bid 1S after 1C-(1H), of course, and should risk 2S after 1C-(2H), but may not be able to act at any higher level. West will raise almost any heart bid to game, based on the good fit. If South managed a spade bid, North should raise. I would expect a large field to be divided among 4H and 4S contracts, with perhaps some E/W pairs competing to 5H.
Against hearts, South leads his singleton diamond. East may as well finesse as he will lose two diamonds either way if North has KQx -- except that North can arrange to give South two ruffs by returning the King as a suit preference signal for spades. N/S should collect two or three diamonds and two Aces for down one or two, but a defensive slip may allow East to pitch his losing spade on the King of clubs.
Against spades, West presumably leads a heart. East can return another heart (it won't hurt to give dummy a ruff you can't prevent) or try his stiff club. South will likelu lose a trick in each suit, as the normal way to play the spades would be low to the Ace, low back to the Queen. However, if East revealed his two-suiter during the bidding, South may place the King with West and try leading the Queen, which pins the Jack and picks up the suit.
Board 6: South opens 1S, North replies 2H. If this isn't game-forcing, South's 3D rebid is -- a new suit at the three level, with little room left below 3NT, has always been game-forcing in standard bidding, though many players are unaware. North can rebid 3H if he trusts South not to pass; otherwise, he'd better jump to 4H. Over 3H South bids 3S and North raises to game.
South has few losers and a partner who has shown 10 or 12+ points depending on style; but how useful will heart honors be? He can assume no club loser and needs the Ace of spades or the Jack of spades plus the Ace of diamonds to have a good shot at slam. Not a terrible hand, despite the void, for simple Blackwood; you can bid slam if North shows two Aces. True, slam makes opposite Jx KQxxxx Ax Qxx, but no sequence will necessarily inspire North to bid slam with that holding. A reasonable alternative would be to cue-bid 5C, allowing North to cue-bid the diamond Ace. No guarantees but I think N/S should land in 6H or 6S. On a diamond lead South should either win in hand to preserve his entry to dummy, or just win in dummy and pitch his losing club on a heart immediately.
Board 7 South has another light, shapely opening bid. With all his points in his long suits and two quick tricks, this 6-5 10 count is a sound 1S opener.4H was the popular contract, and game makes in hearts, spades or clubs. 6C is also plausible and will likely make unless East starts with a trump, wins the second heart and switches to a spade, destroying dummy's entry.
Sunday, October 3, 2010
Sunday, 10/3/2010
Right click here for hands. 6.5 tables, with the 99er's graciously joining the open game again.
Board 1: All but one pair reached 4S; if E/W keep quiet a reasonable auction would be 1C-1S-2C-2S-3S-4S. West likely leads a high heart, then switches to a diamond to knock out dummy's entries before the clubs become established. South counts 5 or 6 spades, 2 diamonds, 1 or two high clubs; assuming one finesse works that's 9 tricks, so declarer must ruff at least one heart or set up one or more long club tricks. Declarer must be careful not to play three rounds of trumps before thinking about the heart losers.
Plan A, two finesses and a heart ruff: Run the ten of spades (East shouldn't cover since dummy has the nine), spade to the Ace, ruff a heart, high diamond and ruff a diamond to hand, pull the last trump, finesse the club. Declarer loses two hearts and a club; could make 9 or 11 tricks depending on the finesses.
Plan B, two ruffs: Spade to the Ace, ruff a heart, high diamond and ruff a diamond to hand, ruff a heart -- oops, forced to lead clubs from dummy, no way back to hand to continue trumps. But with East having three trumps and both club honors this line also makes 10 tricks, with no finesses.
Plan C, establish clubs: spade to the Ace, club to the Queen. If this wins declarer plans to ruff out the King of clubs, remove trumps and return to dummy with the second diamond. However, a 4-1 club split could be awkward, as might short clubs and long spades with West. Here, the finesse loses and East knocks out the second diamond entry. Declarer should then try a trump to the Jack, ruff a heart, ruff a diamond back to hand, and pull the last trump. Now declarer can take the Ace of clubs for a sure ten tricks, or try the Ten of clubs for 9 or 11.
Offhand I don't see a high percentage line for 10 tricks that also gives a good play for 11. On this occasion Plan B would score at least 4 out of 6 matchpoints.
Board 8: West opens 1H. North has the shape and strength for a 1NT overcall but lacks a stopper; and cannot double for lack of spade support, so settles for a 2D overcall. East bids 2S: this hand is too good for a preemptive jump to 4S. South's hand is ugly but with 6 card support bids 5D anyway. Two more passes to East: "the five level belongs to the opponents", but with a seven card suit and a void in the enemy suit East would rather declare than defend. He can reasonably hope the opening bid covers some or all of his heart and club losers. 5S should perhaps buy the contract undoubled, but at matchpoints North might be tempted to double. This might be wrong since he can't count on any diamond tricks or help from partner.
A club lead secures a ruff for South but is not obvious from the bidding. Assuming a diamond lead, East ruffs and must try to limit himself to one trump and one club loser, or two trump losers. I'd like to tackle trumps before clubs, so heart to the King, spade toward hand. North should duck; after winning the King East has only one play to avoid another loser: duck a spade and hope North started with Ax. Success! Back in with another diamond ruff, declarer pulls the last trump and cashes the Ace of hearts, putting off the club finesse until absolutely necessary. Miracle of miracles, the heart Queen drops and declarer reaches dummy with the Ace of clubs to pitch all his clubs on hearts. Making 6!
Baord 16: West passes and North must decide between a simple 1C opening and a preemptive 5C. (3C would be plausible at this vulnerability with a six card suit, but be sure partner understands you aren't claiming you can make 11 tricks as would be standard with a five of a major opening.) With two quick tricks I prefer 1C. East overcalls 1S, South bids 2D, West passesand North, despite only 10 hcp, should have visions of slam. South's 2D bid shows 10+ points (unlimited and definetely forcing) and some sort of diamond suit, which should cover some of North's losers in that suit and perhaps provide a discard for the low heart. better make the 8 card suit trumps, however, even if you have a diamond fit. A leap to 4S would suggest the spade void but unfortunately would probably commit the hand to diamonds. I suggest 2S, which sounds at first like it's asking for a notrump stopper; when North later leaps to 5C partner may read it as an advance-cue-bid slam try. East doubles 2S to emphasize he wants partner to lead the suit; South may pass or bid 2NT -- the Jxxx does look something like a stopper. North leaps to 5C (4C might sound like Gerber if South bid 2NT) and South may raise to slam. (On a singleton? Certainly -- partner never asked you for support, did he?) However, the slam is a lucky make, requiring both a finesse and favorable break in diamonds. 5C looks like the normal contract.
If North simply opens 5C, East will probably overcall or double. South hammers anything for +800. Oh well, it's only one board at matchpoints.
Board 1: All but one pair reached 4S; if E/W keep quiet a reasonable auction would be 1C-1S-2C-2S-3S-4S. West likely leads a high heart, then switches to a diamond to knock out dummy's entries before the clubs become established. South counts 5 or 6 spades, 2 diamonds, 1 or two high clubs; assuming one finesse works that's 9 tricks, so declarer must ruff at least one heart or set up one or more long club tricks. Declarer must be careful not to play three rounds of trumps before thinking about the heart losers.
Plan A, two finesses and a heart ruff: Run the ten of spades (East shouldn't cover since dummy has the nine), spade to the Ace, ruff a heart, high diamond and ruff a diamond to hand, pull the last trump, finesse the club. Declarer loses two hearts and a club; could make 9 or 11 tricks depending on the finesses.
Plan B, two ruffs: Spade to the Ace, ruff a heart, high diamond and ruff a diamond to hand, ruff a heart -- oops, forced to lead clubs from dummy, no way back to hand to continue trumps. But with East having three trumps and both club honors this line also makes 10 tricks, with no finesses.
Plan C, establish clubs: spade to the Ace, club to the Queen. If this wins declarer plans to ruff out the King of clubs, remove trumps and return to dummy with the second diamond. However, a 4-1 club split could be awkward, as might short clubs and long spades with West. Here, the finesse loses and East knocks out the second diamond entry. Declarer should then try a trump to the Jack, ruff a heart, ruff a diamond back to hand, and pull the last trump. Now declarer can take the Ace of clubs for a sure ten tricks, or try the Ten of clubs for 9 or 11.
Offhand I don't see a high percentage line for 10 tricks that also gives a good play for 11. On this occasion Plan B would score at least 4 out of 6 matchpoints.
Board 8: West opens 1H. North has the shape and strength for a 1NT overcall but lacks a stopper; and cannot double for lack of spade support, so settles for a 2D overcall. East bids 2S: this hand is too good for a preemptive jump to 4S. South's hand is ugly but with 6 card support bids 5D anyway. Two more passes to East: "the five level belongs to the opponents", but with a seven card suit and a void in the enemy suit East would rather declare than defend. He can reasonably hope the opening bid covers some or all of his heart and club losers. 5S should perhaps buy the contract undoubled, but at matchpoints North might be tempted to double. This might be wrong since he can't count on any diamond tricks or help from partner.
A club lead secures a ruff for South but is not obvious from the bidding. Assuming a diamond lead, East ruffs and must try to limit himself to one trump and one club loser, or two trump losers. I'd like to tackle trumps before clubs, so heart to the King, spade toward hand. North should duck; after winning the King East has only one play to avoid another loser: duck a spade and hope North started with Ax. Success! Back in with another diamond ruff, declarer pulls the last trump and cashes the Ace of hearts, putting off the club finesse until absolutely necessary. Miracle of miracles, the heart Queen drops and declarer reaches dummy with the Ace of clubs to pitch all his clubs on hearts. Making 6!
Baord 16: West passes and North must decide between a simple 1C opening and a preemptive 5C. (3C would be plausible at this vulnerability with a six card suit, but be sure partner understands you aren't claiming you can make 11 tricks as would be standard with a five of a major opening.) With two quick tricks I prefer 1C. East overcalls 1S, South bids 2D, West passesand North, despite only 10 hcp, should have visions of slam. South's 2D bid shows 10+ points (unlimited and definetely forcing) and some sort of diamond suit, which should cover some of North's losers in that suit and perhaps provide a discard for the low heart. better make the 8 card suit trumps, however, even if you have a diamond fit. A leap to 4S would suggest the spade void but unfortunately would probably commit the hand to diamonds. I suggest 2S, which sounds at first like it's asking for a notrump stopper; when North later leaps to 5C partner may read it as an advance-cue-bid slam try. East doubles 2S to emphasize he wants partner to lead the suit; South may pass or bid 2NT -- the Jxxx does look something like a stopper. North leaps to 5C (4C might sound like Gerber if South bid 2NT) and South may raise to slam. (On a singleton? Certainly -- partner never asked you for support, did he?) However, the slam is a lucky make, requiring both a finesse and favorable break in diamonds. 5C looks like the normal contract.
If North simply opens 5C, East will probably overcall or double. South hammers anything for +800. Oh well, it's only one board at matchpoints.
Sunday, September 26, 2010
Sunday, 9/26/10
Right-click here for hands. 8 tables, including the 99er's who joined the open game.
Board 3: West, falling in between a 1NT and 2NT opener, starts with 1C. East likely responds 1S although a standard, game-forcing 2NT would be a good alternative. West raises 1S to game. Are game bids always "shut-out" bids? Heavens no! Opener is showing 20+ in support and East is unlimited. East bids 4NT and gets a two-Ace or, better, three-keycard response (zero isn't plausible on West's strong bidding.) Blackwood bidders likely raise to 6S, while key-carders may have visions of a grand and inquire about the Queen of trumps (5D over 5C, or 5H over a "1430" 5D reply.) West denies the Queen (next step in some styles, 5S in others) and East contracts for 6S, making easily with the 3-2 trump split and a diamond ruff.
Several pairs tried 6NT instead; in our Precision style, the bidding started 1C (16+)-2NT (14+ balanced) and so as West I knew we had 33 points in high cards. When partner showed two key cards without the Queen, 6NT seemed a better shot than 6S. No joy -- the diamond finesse was off, clubs did not split and there was no squeeze. On another day spades might have broken 4-1 while 6NT rolled home.
If East or West does not know the combined high card count, I think 6NT would be wrong. After 1C-1S-4S, how certain is East that West is not bidding partly on ruffing values? If West would splinter with a singleton or jump to 4C to show a strong 6-4 hand, East might be justified in trying 6NT. In general, however, be wary of trying for 6NT rather than a suit slam if partner's bidding might be based partly on ruffing values. As it happened, only one pair bid 6S while 4 went down at 6NT.
Board 15: West might open an offbeat 2D, but more likely East opens 1C in 4th seat. West responds 1D or 1S; I prefer 1D, expecting a heart rebid and planning to bid the spades twice, which shows the 5-6 pattern. (With 5-5, responder should bid the higher ranking suit first.) I wouldn't expect aggressive bidding by N/S: both passed, and they're vulnerable; so 1D runs little risk of losing the spade suit. A 1S response makes for awkward rebid problems.
East might rebid 1H, especially if partner tends to respond light; but most would probably leap to 2H, game-forcing. West rebids 2S, natural in an up-the-line style after the game force. East raises to 3S; no need to jump again, the 2H bid commits the partnership to at least 3NT.
West can now visualize slam if opener has a control-rich hand: AKxx Axxx Q Axxx, for example, only 17 hcp but an excellent slam opposite West's QJxxx x KJ10xxx Q . This sort of slam is hard to bid, as West can't be sure East has three key cards to make even 5S and East does not know about West's great playing strength. +480 or even +510 scores well; the slam requires a finesse in trumps, and should not be bid.
Board 20: North could open 2C but two-suiters can be awkward and so 1S is probably better unless the tricks are more solid. He plans to jump-shift in diamonds. South raises to 2S or uses a Bergen gadget. If 2S is standard 6-9/10, West may double to compete for the part-score; against a constructive raise, pass is probably wiser. Assuming a pass, North can visualize slam if South can cover three losers: xxxx Kx xx Axxxx, for example. North might bid 3D as a "game try"; South, with help in diamonds and around 9 value in support of spades bids the game. Now North may try 4NT and then bid the slam; this requires a non-trump finesse, making it a better bet than Board 15, but still an OK slam not to bid. An odd thing: if South has nothing in diamonds, the AJ10 will probably lose only 1 trick; "help" in diamonds really doesn't help much (though Kx along with four trumps would be excellent.)
Board 21: North-South should not get active at this vulnerability and presumably pass throughout. East opens 1H, West plans to show a balanced, 3 card, game-invitational raise by way of a forcing 1NT followed by 3H. If 1NT isn't forcing West can temporize with 2C or 2D. Over 1NT East counts 8.5 tricks and leaps to game (4H.) Should West go on? 2.5 quick tricks and the unrevealed support might erase a trump loser; if partner's hearts were solid he might have bid 3NT rather than 4H. With no control in clubs, a 4S cue-bid is best; East is delighted to hear about the spade control and bids the slam after checking on Aces/Key cards. The slam needs one of two finesses and not Qxx of trumps with South; as it happens, the spade finesse isn't needed since Kxx of clubs is in the slot.
Board 3: West, falling in between a 1NT and 2NT opener, starts with 1C. East likely responds 1S although a standard, game-forcing 2NT would be a good alternative. West raises 1S to game. Are game bids always "shut-out" bids? Heavens no! Opener is showing 20+ in support and East is unlimited. East bids 4NT and gets a two-Ace or, better, three-keycard response (zero isn't plausible on West's strong bidding.) Blackwood bidders likely raise to 6S, while key-carders may have visions of a grand and inquire about the Queen of trumps (5D over 5C, or 5H over a "1430" 5D reply.) West denies the Queen (next step in some styles, 5S in others) and East contracts for 6S, making easily with the 3-2 trump split and a diamond ruff.
Several pairs tried 6NT instead; in our Precision style, the bidding started 1C (16+)-2NT (14+ balanced) and so as West I knew we had 33 points in high cards. When partner showed two key cards without the Queen, 6NT seemed a better shot than 6S. No joy -- the diamond finesse was off, clubs did not split and there was no squeeze. On another day spades might have broken 4-1 while 6NT rolled home.
If East or West does not know the combined high card count, I think 6NT would be wrong. After 1C-1S-4S, how certain is East that West is not bidding partly on ruffing values? If West would splinter with a singleton or jump to 4C to show a strong 6-4 hand, East might be justified in trying 6NT. In general, however, be wary of trying for 6NT rather than a suit slam if partner's bidding might be based partly on ruffing values. As it happened, only one pair bid 6S while 4 went down at 6NT.
Board 15: West might open an offbeat 2D, but more likely East opens 1C in 4th seat. West responds 1D or 1S; I prefer 1D, expecting a heart rebid and planning to bid the spades twice, which shows the 5-6 pattern. (With 5-5, responder should bid the higher ranking suit first.) I wouldn't expect aggressive bidding by N/S: both passed, and they're vulnerable; so 1D runs little risk of losing the spade suit. A 1S response makes for awkward rebid problems.
East might rebid 1H, especially if partner tends to respond light; but most would probably leap to 2H, game-forcing. West rebids 2S, natural in an up-the-line style after the game force. East raises to 3S; no need to jump again, the 2H bid commits the partnership to at least 3NT.
West can now visualize slam if opener has a control-rich hand: AKxx Axxx Q Axxx, for example, only 17 hcp but an excellent slam opposite West's QJxxx x KJ10xxx Q . This sort of slam is hard to bid, as West can't be sure East has three key cards to make even 5S and East does not know about West's great playing strength. +480 or even +510 scores well; the slam requires a finesse in trumps, and should not be bid.
Board 20: North could open 2C but two-suiters can be awkward and so 1S is probably better unless the tricks are more solid. He plans to jump-shift in diamonds. South raises to 2S or uses a Bergen gadget. If 2S is standard 6-9/10, West may double to compete for the part-score; against a constructive raise, pass is probably wiser. Assuming a pass, North can visualize slam if South can cover three losers: xxxx Kx xx Axxxx, for example. North might bid 3D as a "game try"; South, with help in diamonds and around 9 value in support of spades bids the game. Now North may try 4NT and then bid the slam; this requires a non-trump finesse, making it a better bet than Board 15, but still an OK slam not to bid. An odd thing: if South has nothing in diamonds, the AJ10 will probably lose only 1 trick; "help" in diamonds really doesn't help much (though Kx along with four trumps would be excellent.)
Board 21: North-South should not get active at this vulnerability and presumably pass throughout. East opens 1H, West plans to show a balanced, 3 card, game-invitational raise by way of a forcing 1NT followed by 3H. If 1NT isn't forcing West can temporize with 2C or 2D. Over 1NT East counts 8.5 tricks and leaps to game (4H.) Should West go on? 2.5 quick tricks and the unrevealed support might erase a trump loser; if partner's hearts were solid he might have bid 3NT rather than 4H. With no control in clubs, a 4S cue-bid is best; East is delighted to hear about the spade control and bids the slam after checking on Aces/Key cards. The slam needs one of two finesses and not Qxx of trumps with South; as it happens, the spade finesse isn't needed since Kxx of clubs is in the slot.
5-5 majors over 1NT
Last time I discussed using jumps to 3H and 3S over 1NT as one-suited slam tries, which allows for cue-bidding below game level. Many players use those jumps for 5-5 major hands, 3H = invite, 3S = game force. I think that treatment is inefficient, wasteful of useful bids, and completely unnecessary:
With 5-5 weak, transfer to the better major and pass; or use Stayman-then-2H as weak with both majors.
With 5-5 invitational, transfer to hearts, then bid 2S. A Stayman or transfer bid followed by a new suit at the two level has always been invitational; why leap to the three level? With 4-5 majors, start with Stayman. However, if you've agreed 1NT-2C-2D-2H is weak with both majors, 1NT-2D-2H-2S may be 4-5 or 5-5 invitational. Using the jump for the 5-5 hand does clarify things, but at the expense of forcing our side to the three level. And these days it's not uncommon for opener to have Kx Qx KJxxx AQxx for his 1NT opening, so the 3H puts us at the three level with no fit and not enough points for 3NT. Ugh.
With 5-5 game forcing, 1NT-2H-2S-3H has always shown this shape and strength; again, with 5-4 majors, you would start with Stayman, then jump in spades if opener replies 2D (or jump in the shorter major if playing Smolen.) The transfer-then-3H sequence gives opener room to confirm spade support (3S) or cue-bid in support of hearts (4C or 4D.) The 5-5 jump makes it impossible for opener to both cue-bid and specify what's trumps, which in turn makes it impossible for either player to cue-bid a major.
Giving up the useful 3H and 3S bids for an inferior, unnecessary treatment is worse than useless. Some experts assign special, artificial meanings to the transfer-then-other major sequences, but I've never seen one I thought was worth the memory load.
Note: novice players often treat 1NT-2H-2S-3H or 4H as "oops, I forgot we were playing transfers." This is illegal, of course, but since no advantage is gained and the bid usually puts them at a higher level and playing the contract from the wrong side, experienced opponents can generally content themselves with a mild chuckle and not make a fuss about it.
With 5-5 weak, transfer to the better major and pass; or use Stayman-then-2H as weak with both majors.
With 5-5 invitational, transfer to hearts, then bid 2S. A Stayman or transfer bid followed by a new suit at the two level has always been invitational; why leap to the three level? With 4-5 majors, start with Stayman. However, if you've agreed 1NT-2C-2D-2H is weak with both majors, 1NT-2D-2H-2S may be 4-5 or 5-5 invitational. Using the jump for the 5-5 hand does clarify things, but at the expense of forcing our side to the three level. And these days it's not uncommon for opener to have Kx Qx KJxxx AQxx for his 1NT opening, so the 3H puts us at the three level with no fit and not enough points for 3NT. Ugh.
With 5-5 game forcing, 1NT-2H-2S-3H has always shown this shape and strength; again, with 5-4 majors, you would start with Stayman, then jump in spades if opener replies 2D (or jump in the shorter major if playing Smolen.) The transfer-then-3H sequence gives opener room to confirm spade support (3S) or cue-bid in support of hearts (4C or 4D.) The 5-5 jump makes it impossible for opener to both cue-bid and specify what's trumps, which in turn makes it impossible for either player to cue-bid a major.
Giving up the useful 3H and 3S bids for an inferior, unnecessary treatment is worse than useless. Some experts assign special, artificial meanings to the transfer-then-other major sequences, but I've never seen one I thought was worth the memory load.
Note: novice players often treat 1NT-2H-2S-3H or 4H as "oops, I forgot we were playing transfers." This is illegal, of course, but since no advantage is gained and the bid usually puts them at a higher level and playing the contract from the wrong side, experienced opponents can generally content themselves with a mild chuckle and not make a fuss about it.
Tuesday, September 14, 2010
1NT-3H or 3S
Since work (tutoring) started up again, I haven't played bridge or blogged in a while.
An important tool for reaching slams is the jump to 3 of a major when partner opens 1NT (15-17.) This was a traditional part of standard bidding, 1NT-3H or 3S showing at least a five card suit and at least game-forcing values. Opener was expected to raise or cue-bid an Ace with 3 or more trumps, or bid 3NT to deny support. Since the widespread adoption of transfers, these jumps are no longer needed when trying to decide between 3NT and 4H/4S. Responder with, say, AJxxx KQx xx xxx simply transfers to 2S and then jumps to 3NT, expecting opener to correct to 4S with 3+ trumps.
But what about AJxxx AQx xx Axx ? Responder knows the combined assets total 30 to 32 hcp, plus a point for his 5 card suit, and possibly a point if opener has a doubleton and 3+ trumps. That's somewhere between 31 and 34 points in value. The usual target for 6NT is 33 hcp; but with a fit, slam in the major suit may be quite good. Picture opener with KQxx Kxxx Axx Kx, for example: 5 trumps, 3 hearts, 3 quick tricks in diamonds and clubs, plus a club ruff. That's a "perfect 15", but opener could have many 16 or 17 point hands which would give a good play for 6S. Note that 6NT requires a lucky 3-3 heart break, squeeze or defensive error, and in any of those cases you would likely take all the tricks at spades.
So, how should responder proceed? Most likely, transfer to 2S, then jump to 4NT, which partner takes as Blackwood or RKCB; if the response shows no more than one key card missing, responder then bids the slam (without knowing whether a fit exists!) or, more likely, huddles for a long time before bidding 5S. With a good hand, opener gets the message and raises to 6S. (If anyone reading this doesn't know, such bidding is illegal and is apt to result in an adjusted score and warning from the director at any high-level event.)
Go back to old-fashioned bidding: with a slammish hand, responder's hand is approximately as good as opener's and transferring to opener's hand isn't a priority. Jumping to 3H or 3S instead of transferring shows definite slam interest. Opener bids 3NT as before to deny support, but tends to cue-bid freely since responder is known to be interested in slam. A typical 1NT opening has 5 controls (Ace =2, King = 1, so AAK or AKKK); I would suggest cue-bidding any time opener has a fit and at least 4 controls (AA, AKK or four Kings.) Any such cue-bid promises 3+ trrumps. Opener raises 4 with trump support but no more than 3 controls (AK or KKK or worse.)
Traditionally, a slam cue-bid promised first-round control of a suit, and since opener is known not to have a void, such cue-bids promise the Ace. However, for a small slam, it is only necessary to avoid two quick losers in a suit, so KQ by opener or Kx by responder is adequate control. My practice is to "borrow" a key card from the trump suit when cue-bidding a King; with no such card to "borrow", I skip over the King and bid the cheapest Ace. With that restriction, cue-bid the cheapest control so that the partnership can quickly determine, below the game level, whether all suits are controlled. Then someone can use RKCB to make sure you aren't missing two key cards or one key plus the queen.
Example1:
KQxx AJxxx
Kx AQx
QJxx xx
Axx KQx
1NT-3S
4C-4H
4S-pass
Responder shows his 5 card suit and slam interest; opener has 4 controls and trump suipport, so he cooperates by cue-bidding 4C. Responder cue-bids 4H, skipping the diamond suit. With no control in diamonds, opener sings off at 4S. Despite 31 HCP, an excellent fit and 4 key cards, a poor slam is avoided.
Example 2:
Kxx AQJxx
Qx AJx
AQxx Kx
KQxx xxx
1NT-3S
4C-4D
4S-4NT
5H-6S
Responder shows his suit and slam interest; opener shows his fit by cue-bidding his cheapest control, "borrowing" the King of trumps to cue-bid in clubs. Responder shows his diamond control, "borrowing" the Ace of trumps to cue-bid the diamond King. Opener has no control in hearts; responder does, and RKCB shows four key cards are held. Holding the Queen of trumps, responder bids slam.
At first glance, slam seems to need a finesse in hearts; but one heart can be pitched on a diamond and their are chances for another pitch on clubs or the fourth diamond if South can be squeezed. So, this is a better than 50% slam. Add a ten to opener's hand in either minor and the odds improve substantially.
An important tool for reaching slams is the jump to 3 of a major when partner opens 1NT (15-17.) This was a traditional part of standard bidding, 1NT-3H or 3S showing at least a five card suit and at least game-forcing values. Opener was expected to raise or cue-bid an Ace with 3 or more trumps, or bid 3NT to deny support. Since the widespread adoption of transfers, these jumps are no longer needed when trying to decide between 3NT and 4H/4S. Responder with, say, AJxxx KQx xx xxx simply transfers to 2S and then jumps to 3NT, expecting opener to correct to 4S with 3+ trumps.
But what about AJxxx AQx xx Axx ? Responder knows the combined assets total 30 to 32 hcp, plus a point for his 5 card suit, and possibly a point if opener has a doubleton and 3+ trumps. That's somewhere between 31 and 34 points in value. The usual target for 6NT is 33 hcp; but with a fit, slam in the major suit may be quite good. Picture opener with KQxx Kxxx Axx Kx, for example: 5 trumps, 3 hearts, 3 quick tricks in diamonds and clubs, plus a club ruff. That's a "perfect 15", but opener could have many 16 or 17 point hands which would give a good play for 6S. Note that 6NT requires a lucky 3-3 heart break, squeeze or defensive error, and in any of those cases you would likely take all the tricks at spades.
So, how should responder proceed? Most likely, transfer to 2S, then jump to 4NT, which partner takes as Blackwood or RKCB; if the response shows no more than one key card missing, responder then bids the slam (without knowing whether a fit exists!) or, more likely, huddles for a long time before bidding 5S. With a good hand, opener gets the message and raises to 6S. (If anyone reading this doesn't know, such bidding is illegal and is apt to result in an adjusted score and warning from the director at any high-level event.)
Go back to old-fashioned bidding: with a slammish hand, responder's hand is approximately as good as opener's and transferring to opener's hand isn't a priority. Jumping to 3H or 3S instead of transferring shows definite slam interest. Opener bids 3NT as before to deny support, but tends to cue-bid freely since responder is known to be interested in slam. A typical 1NT opening has 5 controls (Ace =2, King = 1, so AAK or AKKK); I would suggest cue-bidding any time opener has a fit and at least 4 controls (AA, AKK or four Kings.) Any such cue-bid promises 3+ trrumps. Opener raises 4 with trump support but no more than 3 controls (AK or KKK or worse.)
Traditionally, a slam cue-bid promised first-round control of a suit, and since opener is known not to have a void, such cue-bids promise the Ace. However, for a small slam, it is only necessary to avoid two quick losers in a suit, so KQ by opener or Kx by responder is adequate control. My practice is to "borrow" a key card from the trump suit when cue-bidding a King; with no such card to "borrow", I skip over the King and bid the cheapest Ace. With that restriction, cue-bid the cheapest control so that the partnership can quickly determine, below the game level, whether all suits are controlled. Then someone can use RKCB to make sure you aren't missing two key cards or one key plus the queen.
Example1:
KQxx AJxxx
Kx AQx
QJxx xx
Axx KQx
1NT-3S
4C-4H
4S-pass
Responder shows his 5 card suit and slam interest; opener has 4 controls and trump suipport, so he cooperates by cue-bidding 4C. Responder cue-bids 4H, skipping the diamond suit. With no control in diamonds, opener sings off at 4S. Despite 31 HCP, an excellent fit and 4 key cards, a poor slam is avoided.
Example 2:
Kxx AQJxx
Qx AJx
AQxx Kx
KQxx xxx
1NT-3S
4C-4D
4S-4NT
5H-6S
Responder shows his suit and slam interest; opener shows his fit by cue-bidding his cheapest control, "borrowing" the King of trumps to cue-bid in clubs. Responder shows his diamond control, "borrowing" the Ace of trumps to cue-bid the diamond King. Opener has no control in hearts; responder does, and RKCB shows four key cards are held. Holding the Queen of trumps, responder bids slam.
At first glance, slam seems to need a finesse in hearts; but one heart can be pitched on a diamond and their are chances for another pitch on clubs or the fourth diamond if South can be squeezed. So, this is a better than 50% slam. Add a ten to opener's hand in either minor and the odds improve substantially.
Sunday, September 5, 2010
Sunday 9/5/10
Right-click here for hands. 3 tables each in the Open and 99er sections. I was busy re-arranging my living space (I have to reduce my life to one room by Oct. 1st) and so missed the game.
Board 3: A normal auction would be 1NT-2C-2H-3NT-pass. Various slams are makeable, but notice that you have winning finesses in hearts and diamonds and clubs split 3-3. 31 hcp with no fit will generally not give a good play for 6NT, and only two declarers managed 12 tricks.
Board 6: East should open 3D, even vulnerable vs. not; with such a good trump suit you are unlikely to be doubled. South overcalls 3H and North replies 3S; this is forcing by an unpassed hand. South rebids 4C (has to be natural, for hands just like this) and North should smell a slam, though 4S would be a reasonable matchpoint guess. Over 4D, South's 5 loser hand justifies 4NT; North replies with only 1 Ace or Key card but South guesses he has good trumps for his bidding and signs off in 6C.
West leads a diamond, dummy wins and South unblacks the Ace of spades before tackling trumps (low from hand). West ducks the first trump and South continues low to his King. Declarer plans on winning four trumps, two red aces and 5 or 6 spades along with a diamond ruff if needed. West holds off again, planning to cover dummy's last trump with his Ace. South leads another trump to dummy, and now West has the bare Ace while South has two trumps and North one. Leading another trump would leave no entry back to the spades, so declarer begins running the spades. West can ruff in on the fourth spade but dummy has a trump left for re-entry and N/S chalk up +920.
At 4S, a reasonable line for North would be to win the first diamond, ruff a diamond with the Ace, pitch the last diamond on the Ace of hearts, ruff a heart back to hand, play three top trumps and then knock out the Ace of clubs. Twelve tricks if the ten of spades drops, 11 if it does not but trumps are 4-2.
A safer line for 10 tricks would be to lead a club off dummy after cashing the Ace of hearts; this avoids losing control if spades are 5-1, but allows the defense a club ruff. At matchpoints one rarely surrenders an overtrick to guard against a 5-1 break, unless you're doubled.
Board 15: South opens 1C, North replies 1H, South raises to 2H and North bids either 4H (if South promises four card support) or 3NT (in case South raised on only 3.) Unless you have explicitly discussed and ruled out three card raises with this partner, South should correct to 4H despite his flat shape. (Most experts will raise with Qxx of trumps and a singleton, some with xxx or a small doubleton, so don't assume 4 trumps in this sequence without discussion.)
West has no attractive lead. Adding his 11 hcp to N/S's 24+ for game leaves very little for partner, so West should try to avoid blowing a trick on the lead. Also, the auction did not suggest any strong side suit for dummy or declarer. Leading the Ace without the King is very poor, Qxx in declarer's first suit is surely wrong, and there is no reason to consider a trump from Kx. That leaves the four of spades, high from a doubleton; this is a poor but "least-worst" choice. (With a weaker hand, where partner can be expected to have some values, it is better to lead from an honor than from a small doubleton; imagine partner has the King or Queen in whatever suit you lead. If you have an honor you may build up a trick for your side; if you lead from nothing you will often finesse partner with no opportunity for gain.)
South wins and should play the Ace and a low trump. Inexperienced players often confuse this sort of holding with one such as AJ10x opposite Q9xx; then, you would lead the Queen from dummy hoping East covers. A good guideline is to ask yourself whether, if you lead an honor and it is covered, you gain a trick; if not, do not lead an honor, lead toward it. As it happens, South can still pick up trumps with only one loser if he starts with the Queen by leading low toward the A10 the next round, but that play would cost a trick if West held KJx and can gain only against an unlikely singelton Jack with West.
West wins the King and observes dummy started with 14 hcp, not 12, so prospects of a useful card in partner's hand are quite bleak. May as well try Ace of diamonds and a diamond, hoping for a ruff. No such luck and declarer should score 4 spade tricks, 4 trumps, a diamond and two clubs for +650.
Board 16: West opens 1D, North overcalls 2C, South replies 2S. North has enough to try 2NT; South can support clubs but you hate to leave a secen card major "on the shelf". He should give some thought to 4S but should probably settle for 3S with his Aceless hand and most of his points in his short suits. North may raise but, having basically described his hand, should trust partner and pass.
West would like to pass the lead but the rules require him to select one. "When in doubt, lead a trump" is apt to be poor advice here -- North has announced a good source of tricks in clubs, and declarer can be expected to pull trumps and discard losers on clubs. Leading an Ace to "look at dummy" will generally prove to be an expensive view. And if you lead Ace from Ace-King, how can partner tell when you lead an unsupported Ace?
I think I'd try the King of clubs. This looks wrong: partner is unlikely to have an entry to give you a ruff, and it seems you are assisting declarer in establishing clubs. But he'll have to lead toward one of your Aces, or allow you to ruff a club. The lead proves not to be critical unless West cashes the Ace of diamonds and does not cash the Ace of hearts; West collects three Aces and another trump.
Board 19: West opens 1C and North likely doubles, though I might prefer 1D with this Aceless collection. Some Easts would redouble but the modern style is to respond in a major if possible, ignoring the double. Over 1H, South should go ahead and bid 1S -- don't leave partner to fight the part-score battles on his own; he should not expect more than this in competition. Likewise, West's 2C is "automatic"; pass would suggest a balanced minimum, not this excellent, shapely hand. If you learned from a textbook that free bids, even at levels, promise extra values, rip those pages out and burn them -- that theory has been obsolete for 50 years. Get in the trenches and fight for those part-scores!
North would pass partner's 1S if West passes but should confirm the four card support by raising to 2S in competition. The basic goal of competitive bidding, when both sides have a fit, is to force the oponnents to the three level.
East would like to bid 3NT at this point but lacks a clear spade stopper. I suggest 3D, forcing, hoping for delayed heart support or 3NT from partner. It's routine to bid a 3 card minor as a convenience bid when needed. West bids 3NT. (Ideal would be 3S, asking partner to bid 3NT; this helps when partner has Qx. But you'd need partner to bid 3NT regardless of his spade holding and few partnerships have such an agreement.)
Ten or more tricks are easy at 3NT. Five clubs can also make but requires a bit of guesswork. Long, running suits are ideal for notrump if you have enough quick tricks and stoppers on the side.
Board 3: A normal auction would be 1NT-2C-2H-3NT-pass. Various slams are makeable, but notice that you have winning finesses in hearts and diamonds and clubs split 3-3. 31 hcp with no fit will generally not give a good play for 6NT, and only two declarers managed 12 tricks.
Board 6: East should open 3D, even vulnerable vs. not; with such a good trump suit you are unlikely to be doubled. South overcalls 3H and North replies 3S; this is forcing by an unpassed hand. South rebids 4C (has to be natural, for hands just like this) and North should smell a slam, though 4S would be a reasonable matchpoint guess. Over 4D, South's 5 loser hand justifies 4NT; North replies with only 1 Ace or Key card but South guesses he has good trumps for his bidding and signs off in 6C.
West leads a diamond, dummy wins and South unblacks the Ace of spades before tackling trumps (low from hand). West ducks the first trump and South continues low to his King. Declarer plans on winning four trumps, two red aces and 5 or 6 spades along with a diamond ruff if needed. West holds off again, planning to cover dummy's last trump with his Ace. South leads another trump to dummy, and now West has the bare Ace while South has two trumps and North one. Leading another trump would leave no entry back to the spades, so declarer begins running the spades. West can ruff in on the fourth spade but dummy has a trump left for re-entry and N/S chalk up +920.
At 4S, a reasonable line for North would be to win the first diamond, ruff a diamond with the Ace, pitch the last diamond on the Ace of hearts, ruff a heart back to hand, play three top trumps and then knock out the Ace of clubs. Twelve tricks if the ten of spades drops, 11 if it does not but trumps are 4-2.
A safer line for 10 tricks would be to lead a club off dummy after cashing the Ace of hearts; this avoids losing control if spades are 5-1, but allows the defense a club ruff. At matchpoints one rarely surrenders an overtrick to guard against a 5-1 break, unless you're doubled.
Board 15: South opens 1C, North replies 1H, South raises to 2H and North bids either 4H (if South promises four card support) or 3NT (in case South raised on only 3.) Unless you have explicitly discussed and ruled out three card raises with this partner, South should correct to 4H despite his flat shape. (Most experts will raise with Qxx of trumps and a singleton, some with xxx or a small doubleton, so don't assume 4 trumps in this sequence without discussion.)
West has no attractive lead. Adding his 11 hcp to N/S's 24+ for game leaves very little for partner, so West should try to avoid blowing a trick on the lead. Also, the auction did not suggest any strong side suit for dummy or declarer. Leading the Ace without the King is very poor, Qxx in declarer's first suit is surely wrong, and there is no reason to consider a trump from Kx. That leaves the four of spades, high from a doubleton; this is a poor but "least-worst" choice. (With a weaker hand, where partner can be expected to have some values, it is better to lead from an honor than from a small doubleton; imagine partner has the King or Queen in whatever suit you lead. If you have an honor you may build up a trick for your side; if you lead from nothing you will often finesse partner with no opportunity for gain.)
South wins and should play the Ace and a low trump. Inexperienced players often confuse this sort of holding with one such as AJ10x opposite Q9xx; then, you would lead the Queen from dummy hoping East covers. A good guideline is to ask yourself whether, if you lead an honor and it is covered, you gain a trick; if not, do not lead an honor, lead toward it. As it happens, South can still pick up trumps with only one loser if he starts with the Queen by leading low toward the A10 the next round, but that play would cost a trick if West held KJx and can gain only against an unlikely singelton Jack with West.
West wins the King and observes dummy started with 14 hcp, not 12, so prospects of a useful card in partner's hand are quite bleak. May as well try Ace of diamonds and a diamond, hoping for a ruff. No such luck and declarer should score 4 spade tricks, 4 trumps, a diamond and two clubs for +650.
Board 16: West opens 1D, North overcalls 2C, South replies 2S. North has enough to try 2NT; South can support clubs but you hate to leave a secen card major "on the shelf". He should give some thought to 4S but should probably settle for 3S with his Aceless hand and most of his points in his short suits. North may raise but, having basically described his hand, should trust partner and pass.
West would like to pass the lead but the rules require him to select one. "When in doubt, lead a trump" is apt to be poor advice here -- North has announced a good source of tricks in clubs, and declarer can be expected to pull trumps and discard losers on clubs. Leading an Ace to "look at dummy" will generally prove to be an expensive view. And if you lead Ace from Ace-King, how can partner tell when you lead an unsupported Ace?
I think I'd try the King of clubs. This looks wrong: partner is unlikely to have an entry to give you a ruff, and it seems you are assisting declarer in establishing clubs. But he'll have to lead toward one of your Aces, or allow you to ruff a club. The lead proves not to be critical unless West cashes the Ace of diamonds and does not cash the Ace of hearts; West collects three Aces and another trump.
Board 19: West opens 1C and North likely doubles, though I might prefer 1D with this Aceless collection. Some Easts would redouble but the modern style is to respond in a major if possible, ignoring the double. Over 1H, South should go ahead and bid 1S -- don't leave partner to fight the part-score battles on his own; he should not expect more than this in competition. Likewise, West's 2C is "automatic"; pass would suggest a balanced minimum, not this excellent, shapely hand. If you learned from a textbook that free bids, even at levels, promise extra values, rip those pages out and burn them -- that theory has been obsolete for 50 years. Get in the trenches and fight for those part-scores!
North would pass partner's 1S if West passes but should confirm the four card support by raising to 2S in competition. The basic goal of competitive bidding, when both sides have a fit, is to force the oponnents to the three level.
East would like to bid 3NT at this point but lacks a clear spade stopper. I suggest 3D, forcing, hoping for delayed heart support or 3NT from partner. It's routine to bid a 3 card minor as a convenience bid when needed. West bids 3NT. (Ideal would be 3S, asking partner to bid 3NT; this helps when partner has Qx. But you'd need partner to bid 3NT regardless of his spade holding and few partnerships have such an agreement.)
Ten or more tricks are easy at 3NT. Five clubs can also make but requires a bit of guesswork. Long, running suits are ideal for notrump if you have enough quick tricks and stoppers on the side.
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